![]() Unconventional warfare, the opposite of conventional warfare, is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict.Total war is warfare by any means possible, disregarding the laws of war, placing no limits on legitimate military targets, using weapons and tactics resulting in significant civilian casualties, or demanding a war effort requiring significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian population.Nuclear warfare is warfare in which nuclear weapons are the primary, or a major, method of achieving capitulation.Information warfare is the application of destructive force on a large scale against information assets and systems, against the computers and networks that support the four critical infrastructures (the power grid, communications, financial, and transportation).An insurgency can be fought via counterinsurgency, and may also be opposed by measures to protect the population, and by political and economic actions of various kinds aimed at undermining the insurgents' claims against the incumbent regime. Insurgency is a rebellion against authority, when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).Cyberwarfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nation's information systems. ![]() Conventional warfare is declared war between states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used or see limited deployment.Cold warfare is an intense international rivalry without direct military conflict, but with a sustained threat of it, including high levels of military preparations, expenditures, and development, and may involve active conflicts by indirect means, such as economic warfare, political warfare, covert operations, espionage, cyberwarfare, or proxy wars.Poison gas as a chemical weapon was principally used during World War I, and resulted in over a million estimated casualties, including more than 100,000 civilians. Chemical warfare involves the use of weaponized chemicals in combat.This can be conducted through sophisticated technologies, like cluster munitions, or with rudimentary techniques like catapulting an infected corpse behind enemy lines, and can include weaponized or non-weaponized pathogens. Biological warfare, or germ warfare, is the use of biological infectious agents or toxins such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi against people, plants, or animals.Asymmetric warfare is the methods used in conflicts between belligerents of drastically different levels of military capability or size.William Rubinstein wrote "Pre-literate societies, even those organized in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty.'" The invention of gunpowder, and its eventual use in warfare, together with the acceleration of technological advances have fomented major changes to war itself. Scarcity of resources meant defensive works were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids. Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers. Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly. For comparison, an estimated 1,680,000,000 people died from infectious diseases in the 20th century. In one estimate, primitive warfare prior to 3000 BCE has been thought to have claimed 400 million victims based on the assumption that it accounted for the 15.1% of all deaths. For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 145 million to 2 billion. Estimates for total deaths due to war vary wildly. Since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death, specifically traumatic bone lesions. The earliest evidence of prehistoric warfare is a Mesolithic cemetery in Jebel Sahaba, which has been determined to be about 13,400 years old. The Egyptian siege of Dapur in the 13th century BCE, from Ramesseum, Thebes.
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